MIT Sloan Management Review Endnotes

In contrast with many other scholarly publications, we do not identify references by date and author’s last name in parentheses in the text, with a bibliography at the end of the article. Instead, we ask that authors place superscripted numbers at the ends of sentences within the text that refer to a list of endnotes assembled at the end of the article. These endnotes should be presented in MIT SMR’s style. (See samples below).

We use the latest version of The Chicago Manual of Style as our guide for endnotes, but because we adhere to the Associated Press Stylebook for everything other than endnotes, there are some exceptions. As a rule of thumb, AP style trumps Chicago; our AP-approved dictionary is the online version of Merriam-Webster for spelling.

Some specific MIT SMR style preferences:

• Use initials for the first and middle names of authors rather than spelling them out.
• Book, magazine, and journal titles should not be italicized, but book titles should be enclosed in quotation marks.
• Abbreviate months when used with a specific day (Jan. 1, 2004) but not for a month and year only (January 2010).
• When there are more than three authors, list only the first three, followed by “et al.” set off with a comma.
• Include a DOI link, if available, at the end of each citation. If a DOI is not available, provide the online article’s URL.

When adding an endnote, please use the Insert Endnote function under the References tab in MS Word to insert a single superscripted number at the end of a sentence. Endnote numbers (and citations) should not be entered manually, and their corresponding numerals should not appear multiple times. A single endnote can contain multiple citations. MIT SMR does not use footnotes.

If a previously cited source is mentioned several endnotes later, follow the short-title approach: March and Simon, “Organizations,” 23. The use of Ibid. is acceptable when referring to a single work cited in the immediately preceding endnote.

Sample Endnotes

Article in an Anthology/Chapter Cited From a Book

M. Shaw, “Communication Networks,” in “Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,” ed. L. Berkowitz (Academic Press, 1964), 131-153.

S.M. McKinnon and W.J. Bruins Jr., “Information for the Longer View,” ch. 3 in “The Information Mosaic” (Harvard Business School Press, 1992).

Books

“Developing Leaders at All Levels,” eds. G. Hollenback and W. Vestal (American Productivity and Quality Center, 1999).
J. March and H.J. Simon, “Organizations,” 2nd ed. (John Wiley & Sons, 1966), 4-13.

Case Studies

R.M. Kanter, “FCB and Publicis (A): Forming the Alliance,” Harvard Business School case no. 9-393-099 (Harvard Business School Publishing, 1993).

Dissertations

J.P. Voges, “Supply Chain Design in the Volatile Semiconductor Capital Equipment Industry” (Ph.D. diss., MIT Sloan School of Management and MIT Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2002), http://theses.mit.edu.

Forthcoming Journal Articles

M. Tushman, “An Information Processing Approach,” Academy of Management Review, forthcoming.

Government Reports

“Annual Report for the Securities and Exchange Commission for the Fiscal Year” (Government Printing Office, 1983), 42.

Internet Sources

Note: Internet sources are those that exist solely online. A print publication that has an internet incarnation is not considered to be an “internet source.” Press/news releases are treated as web sources.

D. McCullagh, “ACLU Loses Digital Copyright Battle,” CNET, April 9, 2003, www.cnet.com.

“Toyota Expanding China Links,” CNN, April 9, 2003, https://edition.cnn.com.

“USAA Appoints Brian Goldman as Chief Risk Officer,” USAA, May 14, 2025, https://newsroom.usaa360.com.

“About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed May 1, 2017, www.yale.edu.

Journal Articles

S.L. Hart, “How to Embed Purpose at Every Level,” MIT Sloan Management Review 66, no. 3 (spring 2025): 58-64.

A. Rzeźnik, “Active Liquidity Management, Strategic Complementarities, and Market Price of Liquidity,” Management Science, ahead of print, Sept. 3, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.02095.

S. Jooss, D.G. Collings, J. McMackin, et al., “A Skills-Matching Perspective on Talent Management: Developing Strategic Agility,” Human Resource Management 63, no. 1 (January/February 2024): 141-157, https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22192.

A.K. Fedorov, N. Gisin, S.M. Beloussov, et al., “Quantum Computing at the Quantum Advantage Threshold: A Down-to-Business Review,” preprint, arXiv, March 31, 2022, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2203.17181.

Multiple Citations in One Reference

G. Farris, “Managing Informal Dynamics in R&D,” Harvard Business Review 64, no. 1 (January-February 1986): 5-11; and F. Andrews and G. Peters, “Personnel Psychology” (McGraw-Hill, 1986).

Papers and Presentations at Meetings

Note: Please include the location of the event at which the paper was presented.

J. Donehey and G. Overholser, “Capital One” (presentation at the Ernst & Young Embracing Complexity Conference, Boston, Aug. 2-4, 1998).

J. Kluge, “Simply Superior Sourcing” (paper presented at the Fifth International Annual Purchasing and Supply Education and Research Association Conference, Eindhoven, Netherlands, April 2, 1996).

PDFs

“Race-Explicit Strategies for Workplace Equity in Healthcare and IT,” PDF file (Race Forward, June 15, 2017), www.raceforward.org.

Personal Communications

D.B. Johnson, interview with authors, Nov. 11, 1997.

Working Papers

N. Repenning and J. Sterman, “Capability Traps and Self-Controlling Attribution Errors in the Dynamics of Process Improvement,” working paper 4372-02, MIT Sloan School of Management, June 2002.

“Succeeding at Cross-Border Alliances: Lessons From Winners,” working paper, McKinsey & Co., 1991.